게다가 (ge-da-ga) – besides, furthermore, moreover 게다가 has exactly the same meaning as other transitional/coordinating conjunction words like 그리고, 그외에도, 또한, and a few more. But this word can be considered as a more elegant word to use. Or you can use this in your speech or writing if you are caught in a position where you’ve used 그리고 one too many times. Just remember that the same rule
applies to 게다가 – it is used to add on another point to the preceding sentence or statement. Examples: 우리 엄마 만들 준 김치찌개가 세상에서 제일 맛있어. 게다가 건강에 진짜 좋고. 그 선수는 올림픽에서 금메달을 얻고 우리 나라의 자존심을 회복시켰어. 게다가 우리 나라의 첫 금메달이야. Previous Post [Grammar] ~(으)/ㄹ 생각/계획/예정이다 Next Post [Vocabulary] 훨씬 Click here for a Workbook to go along with this lesson. Jump to: Vocabulary To do something after something: ~다가 Vocabulary Nouns: Examples 과학 천재가 실험을 하다가 실수로 집을 폭발시켰어요 박쥐 =
bat (the animal) Examples 유리 = glass Common Usages Examples 요즘의 철사는 금속이 아닌 유리로써 만들어져요 유리병을 떨어뜨려서 바닥에 유리조각이 많으므로 걸을 때 조심하세요 침실 = bedroom Examples 침실에서 자다가 갑자기 돌아가셨어요 형태 =
the shape of something Examples 가족의 형태는 가족 구성에 따라 핵가족, 대가족으로 크게 나눠져요 회장 = boss, chairman Common Usages Examples 사무실에서
일하다가 회장님이 들어와서 모든 직원들이 인사하려고 일어났어요 눈길 = a snowy road Examples 해물 = seafood Common Usages Examples 해물만 먹다가 식중독에 걸려서 병원에 갔어요 해산물 = seafood Examples 재시험 = retest Notes Every year, senior high school students take the Korean-SAT test, called 수능. If you re-take this test, it can be called 재수, and the person who takes the test is called a 재수생. Common Usages Examples 오늘
오후에 어제 시험을 통과 못한 사람들은 다시 재시험에 봐야 해요 임산부 = pregnant woman Common Usages Examples 제가 임산부좌석에 앉아 있었는데 임산부가 버스를 타서 자리에 일어나야 되었어요 보수적 = conservative Examples 현재 경제 상황이 좋지 않으니 보수적으로 주식투자를 해야 돼요 Verbs: Common Usages Examples 재료를 다 섞다가 거품이 생겼어요 재료를 다 섞고 10 분 동안 비비세요 재료를 다 섞다가 떡의 형태가 변했어요 저는 재료를 다 섞어서 냄비에 넣었어요 양파를 작은 조각으로 썰고 재료를 다 섞으세요 지급하다 = to give somebody money, to pay The noun form of this word “지급” translates to “payment” Examples 회장이 직원들을 월급을 지급하다가 시스템이 고장이 나서 다 못 했어요 폭발하다 = to explode The noun form of this word “폭발” translates to “explosion” Examples 과학 천재가 실험을 하다가 실수로 집을 폭발시켰어요 섞이다 = to be mixed Examples: 전학생이 전학온지 얼마 안됐지만 반친구들과 잘 섞여 지내고 있어요 Adverbs and Other Words Examples: 기상예보에서 내일 기온이 20 도까지 올라간다고 그랬어요 날씨가 영하 10 도까지 떨어졌다가 다시 영상으로 올랐어요 그 원소는 상온에서는 고체인데 섭씨 온도 30 도를 넘으면 액체가 되고 70 도를 넘으면 살짝 = slightly Examples: 이 실험이 조금 위험해서 살짝 비켜서면 좋을 것 같아요 내용이 살짝 애매모호해서 학생들한테 다시 설명해야 되겠지 뭐 운동을 할 때 무릎을 살짝 굽히고 운동을 하면 부상을 예방할 수 있어요 영하 = below zero (temperature) Examples: 날씨가 영하 10 도까지 떨어졌다가 다시 영상으로 올랐어요 영상 = above zero (temperature) Examples: 만일 오늘 기온이 영상 5도 이상으로 올라가게 되면 얼음이 더 빨리 녹으니 스케이트를 탈 수 없을 거예요 한가운데 = in the very middle Examples: 의자를 방 한가운데에다가 두고 와요 For help memorizing these words, try using our Memrise tool. Introduction In this lesson, you will learn about the various usages of ~다가, which is often placed between two clauses. There are many meanings that ~다가 can have, and it is often confused with other grammatical principles that have similar meanings. Because of this confusion, this grammatical principle has plagued learners of Korean for years. Let’s get started. For one action to halt, and for another action to begin: ~다가 If you have come across ~다가 in some form before this lesson (I’m sure you have if you are on lesson 88!) then you probably had some trouble trying to understand exactly when this principle should be used. The difficulty lies not only in its seemingly identical usages to other grammatical principles but also in the different meanings ~다가 can create. Understanding how and when ~다가 is used was probably the first time that I understood a grammatical principle from deciphering its usage in conversation/books rather than reading descriptions from dictionaries or having people tell me what it means. The good thing about ~다가 is that it is usually fairly easy to understand when heard/seen, which allows for learners to grasp its meaning before starting to use it on their own. After enough exposure, it is much easier to understand how it can be used – at least that is the way it was for me. Because of this, instead of trying to use ~다가 in sentences right away, I suggest listening for it in your Korean conversations and looking for it in your Korean readings before immediately trying to make your own sentences. Nonetheless, I never had good explanations of the specific meaning(s) of ~다가 when I was studying. Therefore, in order to help every other learner of Korean, I am going to do my absolute best to explain the meanings in this lesson. ~다가 is used to expresses that one action occurs after another. On the surface, this sounds like many other grammatical principles (for example: ~고, ~아/어서 or ~는데). However, let me start distinguishing ~다가 from other grammatical principles by showing you two simple examples: 학생은 열심히 공부하다가 잠이 들었어요 요리를 하다가 주방에서 불이 나서 급하게 가스레인지를 껐어요 When the verb before ~다가 is in the present tense (as in the above two examples), the sentence implies that this action was halted (or cut short) – and the subject performs the following clause. For example, if we look at those two sentences again: 학생은 열심히 공부하다가 잠이 들었어요 요리를 하다가 주방에서 불이 나서 급하게 가스레인지를 껐어요 The examples above show ~다가 being attached to verbs, but it can also be attached to adjectives as well. For example: 날씨가 춥다가 갑자기 더워졌어요 When the first clause in conjugated in the present tense (as in the above examples), the first action is halted, and therefore didn’t finish. Therefore, the result of completing that action is often not stated in the upcoming clause. Rather, the action that caused the first action to halt is often stated in the upcoming clause. A common English translation for these types of sentences is “while.” Note that “while” can have many meanings in English, one of them indicating that two actions progress along together (as is the meaning of ~(으)면서 from Lesson 62). When using ~다가, “while” one action is occurring, something else happens which causes the first action to halt. Let’s look at many more examples: 침실에서 자다가 갑자기 돌아가셨어요 열심히 운동하다가 갑자기 쓰러졌어요 제가 집을 청소하다가 잃어버린 열쇠를 찾았어요 과학 천재가 실험을 하다가 실수로
집을 폭발시켰어요 재시험을 준비하다가 몸이 안 좋아져서 시험을 포기했어요 학생은 열심히 공부하다가 친구가 놀러 와서 친구랑 수다를 떨었어요 회장이 직원들을 월급을 지급하다가 시스템이 고장이 나서 다 못 했어요 사무실에서 일하다가 회장님이 들어와서 모든 직원들이 인사하려고
일어났어요 It is possible to add ~았/었 to the word that is attached to ~다가. When this is done, the action before ~았/었다가 completed before the action in the next clause started. In these sentences, the end result of completing that action is often stated in the upcoming clause. Let’s look at four actions that we saw in sentences above with ~다가 and see how we can make sentences using ~았/었다가 with those same actions: 학생이 열심히 공부하다가 잠이 들었어요 학생이 열심히 공부했다가 친구를 잘 못 만나서 나쁜
학생이 되었어요 ———————— 요리를 하다가 주방에서 불이 나서 급하게 가스레인지를 껐어요 요리를 했다가 먹을 사람이
없어서 다 버렸어요 ———————— 침실에서 자다가 갑자기 돌아가셨어요 그 침실에서 잤다가 그 다음 날에 아팠어요 ———————— 열심히 운동하다가 갑자기 쓰러졌어요 열심히 운동했다가 운동을 그만둬서 살이 다시 쪘어요 ———————— Below are more examples: 해물을 먹었다가 토했어요 박쥐가 날아갔다가 또 나타났어요 저는 공무원 시험을 준비했다가 포기했어요 저는 그녀한테 데이트를 하자고 했다가 거절당했어요 임산부가 전철을 탔다가 자리가 없어서 전철에서 내렸어요 날씨가 영하 10도까지 떨어졌다가 다시 영상으로 올랐어요 장모님이 한때 보수적이었다가 나이가 들면서 성격이 변했어요 ———————— Let’s look at how ~다가 and ~았/었다가 can be different by studying their usages with 가다 and 오다. Look at the following two sentences: 1)
저는 학교에 가다가 친구 집에 갔어요 In only one of the sentences above did I go to school. 1) In the first sentence, the action of “going to school” did not finish. Here, while I was going to school, the action was interrupted/halted/cut short and I went to a friend’s house. 2) In the second sentence, the action of “going to school” finished. Here, I went to school, and then after that went to my friend’s house. We can do the same with 오다. Notice how the endings of the following sentences are different because of the context that 오다가 or 왔다가 creates: 그 사람들이 가게에 오다가 버스가 고장 나서 돌아갔어요 그 사람들이 가게에 아침에 왔다가 급히 떠났어요 ———————— ~다가 is commonly attached to 있다. “있다가” is almost synonymous with “later,” as its construction literally implies “after we are here” or “after this.” It can be used by itself, or in sentences. 조금 is often used before 있다가 to indicate “just a little bit later.” For example: Person 1: 언제 가고 싶어요? = When do you want to go? 저는 조금 있다가 해산물을 먹으러 갈 거예요 A time frame can also be put before “있다가” to indicate how much later. For example: 10분 있다가 = 10 minutes later These constructions can be used in sentences. For example: 10분 있다가 나가자! = Let’s leave in 10 minutes! ———————————- In order for you to get a better understanding of ~다가, let’s look at some ways that ~다가 is commonly used incorrectly. When we saw ~다가 attached to a verb in the present tense, that action was halted (and not finished) because of some unanticipated event “coming up.” It would not be correct to use ~다가 if that action finishes as planned in the sentence. For example, the following would be incorrect: 재료를 다 섞다가
드세요 In these sentences, the speaker gives the command to do something after “the appropriate completion of mixing the ingredients.” In both examples, it would be more appropriate to use ~고 or ~아/어서. For example: 재료를 다 섞고 드세요 If we want to use the first clause “재료를 다 섞다가” in a correct sentence, we should insert some action that causes the first action to halt or be interrupted. For example: 재료를 다 섞다가 거품이 생겼어요 재료를 다 섞다가 떡의 형태가 변했어요 The two sentences above could be correct, but they would probably be used if somebody asked the speaker “why did you stop mixing the ingredients?” When you use ~다가, the final clause usually indicates what the subject does that interrupts the first action. In the two sentences above, it could be assumed from context that the speaker “halted” the mixing of the ingredients, but it doesn’t need to be specifically implied. However, if I was just telling a story with no prior context, it would be better for me to indicate what the subject does that interrupts the first action. For example: 재료를 다 섞다가 거품이 생겨서 멈췄어요 재료를 다 섞다가 떡의 형태가 변하면 드시면 됩니다 Notice that the underlined actions are performed by the same person who is performing the action attached to ~다가. Again, usually sentences with ~다가 indicate what the subject does that interrupts the first action. In context, it is possible to not include this information, but without context, it is usually included. ———————————- Wow, that can be confusing. Let’s move on to another usage of ~다가. The second action is caused by the first action: ~다가 This usage of ~다가 is very similar to grammatical principles that mean “because,” like ~아/어서, ~기 때문에 or ~(으)니까. The difference between ~다가 and the other grammatical principles learned previously to mean “because” is that there often isn’t a direct connection as to why the first clause causes the second clause. Instead, it is usually implied that while one is doing the first action, something about that action caused the action in the second clause to occur. For example: 제가 빨리 걷다가 발가락을 부딪혔어요 Notice the incredibly subtle difference between that sentence and the following: 제가 빨리 걸어서 발가락을 부딪혔어요 In the second example, you are indicating that the sole reason that you stubbed your toe was because you were walking too fast – and there is a direct connection between the two behaviors. However, in the first example, you are indicating that you were walking fast – and while you were walking fast, something about that action caused you to stub your toe. I’ll talk about this ambiguity below, but first let me show you some more examples: 눈길을 걷다가 넘어졌어요 친구만 믿다가 결국 가족을 잃었어요 해물만 먹다가 식중독에 걸려서 병원에 갔어요 우리가 계속 얘기하다가 선생님의 말씀을 못 들었어요 —————————— Here is my take on ~다가 and the trickiness of understanding its meaning. Notice that it can be difficult to understand what meaning is being expressed. For example, in the example we saw at the beginning of the lesson: 학생은 열심히 공부하다가 잠이 들었어요 This could actually have two meanings. The two meanings you have learned would be: 학생은 열심히 공부하다가 잠이 들었어요 Or 학생은 열심히 공부하다가 잠이 들었어요 How can we distinguish between the two? Well… look at both of the sentences (in English). Despite there being a slightly different translation – is the meaning that is being expressed all that different? In the first sentence; the student studies hard, and then after that falls asleep. In the second sentence; the student studies hard… and then while studying, he falls asleep… So… ask yourself… Are they really that different? Korean learners try to distinguish these types of things, but really, they don’t need to be distinguished. You are hearing this more and more in your Korean studies these days. The meaning a sentence is heavily dependent on the context. As always, use the context of a sentence to help you clarify the meaning. I hope this has been an enlightening experience for you. Adding ~다가 to ~에 In addition to the two meanings described above, you will often hear “~다가” attached to “~에” when referring to a place. For example: 밥을 냉장고에 넣어 = Put the rice in the
fridge 유리에 붙여 주세요 = Please stick it on the glass 재료를 그릇에 섞어 = Mix the ingredients in the bowl 돈을 탁자에 놓았어요 = I put the money on the table 펜을 어디에 두었어요? = Where did you put/leave the pen? 이불을 다 침실에 넣었어요 = I put the blankets in the bedroom 팔에 로션을 살짝 발랐어요 = I applied a little bit of lotion (slightly) to my arm 의자를 방 한가운데에 두고 와요 = Put the chair in the middle of the room and come (back) Korean people would say that the sentences above with ~에 and ~에다가 sound identical and have identical meanings. ———————————- As ~에 is often omitted in words like “여기,” “저기,” 거기,” and “어디”, ~다가 is often added directly to those words. Here we can see these constructions in sentences: 밥을 여기다가 넣어 = Put the rice here ———————————- ~에다가 isn’t used when somebody goes to a place, for example: While “나는 집에 갔어요” would be natural, “나는 집에다가 갔어요” would be unnatural. ———————————- Although I expressed that ~에 and ~에다가 can have the same meaning, ~에다가 is more likely to be used when one thing is being added to something else. For example: 저는 샌드위치에다가 김치를 넣었어요 = I put kimchi in the sandwich 커피에다가 설탕을 넣었어요 = I put sugar in my coffee An example that I used today actually, was when I was getting my lunch at my school’s cafeteria. I had my tray out, and an 아주머니 always puts the fruit on our tray for us. By the time I got to her, my tray was full, so I asked her if she should put the fruit next to my rice (where there was a small place left over). So, I said: 여기에다가 두세요 = Please, put it here That’s it for this lesson! Click here for a Workbook to go along with this lesson. Okay, got it! Click here to go to the next lesson! |